Coffee Plant Diseases

Here is the most of Coffee Plant Diseases that attack on the crop.

1. Leaf rust disease (HV Disease )

Primarily affects arabica coffee in the lowlands, is caused by a fungus Hemileia vastatrix.
Symptoms: pale yellow spots on leaves that turn dark yellow and covered with powdery spores, especially on the lower leaf surface. The longer the spots enlarge and coalesce, and then dried. In severe attacks around the tree looks yellowish, then the leaves fall, and dead trees.

Control: Plants attacked badly sprayed with Anvil 6650 EC, 250 EC and Benlate Beyleton, then cut down and burned. For prevention, spray plants with fungicides at each ahead of the rainy season, once in three weeks.

2. Upas fungus diseases :

Upas diseases is caused by the salmonicolor fungus , mainly in the humid parts of plants such as the lower branches and twigs.

Symptoms: There is a thin fibrous millennium like a spider’s web, then form a millennium and turned into a reddish nodule. The attacks continued  cause plants to dry, the leaves wilt and hang on the branches.

Control: Reduce humidity by reducing shade; trunk or branch of the pain is still small in size (diameter <1 cm) was cut 10 cm below the base of the part. Pieces of diseased stems and branches are collected and then burned. Stem or branch that pain is quite large in size, if the attack is still early, the pain is quite smeared with fungicides or Copper Sandoz RM Calixin 0.4% formulation or basting fungicide Bordeaux, or porridge Carnolineum 5%. If the attacks had continued, the stem or branch of a sick cut, the rest of the cut branch or stem and branches around RM Calixin smeared with fungicides or Copper Sandoz or basting fungicide or Bordeaux, or porridge Carnolineum 5% in the affected areas.

3.   Black  and Chocolate root disease

Black root disease caused by fungus Rosellina bunodes and R. arcuata, while the brown root disease caused by fungus Fomes.

Symptoms: black root color  and root brown: yellowing leaves, wilting, and hang up, then fall and finally the plant dies.

Control of black root disease and root brown: Unloading coffee tree to its roots and burned; Give 200 g of flour of sulfur in the former pit demolition is inserted into the ground, then stirred and the hole should not be planted for one year; Improve drainage so that water is not stagnant; Isolation of plant affected by making a trench as deep as 1 m around the plant area affected.

4. Brown leaf spots

Brown leaf spot diseases is caused by the fungus Cercospora cafeicola Berk et Cooke.

Symptoms: There is a circular brown spots on leaves, white in the middle and red at the edges. When attacking the fruit, the fruit is black, wrinkled, fall out prematurely. Fruit skin hardens.

Control: reduce the moisture by reducing shade garden, pruning the coffee plants that are not productive, thinning seedlings, improve drainage, cut and burn the affected plants. Chemically spray with fungicide Benlate, Benlate WP T20/20 and Dithane M-45 80 WP, 50 WP 0.2% Bavistin, Cupravit OB 21 0.35%, 0.2% Delsene MX 200 as recommended formulation.

5. Dead End Disease

Coffee diseases are caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia.Symptoms: Leaves on affected branches will turn yellow and fall, then branch off starting from the end.

Control: Prune affected branches (pruning done on the branch that is still healthy), then the clipping burned or buried; Spray the entire plant with a fungicide.

6. Black spots  diseases

This diseases are caused by a fungus Cephaleuros Coffea.
Symptoms: The skin of fruit is not ripe dark patches arise which then extends to the entire leaf and skin of the fruit dry and black. Patches then grow hair on the edges there are grains of fine red spores.

Control: Spray with a fungicide when the leaf and fruit in the garden is still very young, but when the fruit should be picked just old and then boiled for processed dry, and burn the infected fruit.

Coffee Plant Pest

North Tapanuli Indonesia is one area that has potential for agricultural development coffee plant since 18 Century age. This area are export this quality coffee product to Europe since this century that mentioned.
But with time running the current production of coffee plants in there decreased one reason is because of pests and diseases.
Therefore, through this article BP4K North Tapanuli try to give the introduction of coffee pests and plant diseases and control.

1. Nematode Parasites

This is parasitic nematodes on coffee plant when at seedling stage. Pratylenchus coffeae and Radopholus similis is an endoparasitic nematodes are sedentary. P.coffeae life cycle of about 45 days and R.similis about 1 month.Symptoms:
Coffee plants are attacked appear stunted, leaves turn yellow and fall. Growth stunted primary branches so that only produce a little flower, flower prematurely and many are empty. Parts of the roots of the fibers rot, brown or black. In severe attacks the plants eventually die.
Control:
Control in the nursery: It is recommended to use chemical means is the fumigate fumigant media using pre-seed crops, such as Basamid Vapam G and L. For systemic and contact nematisida al: Curaterr 3G, Vydate 100 U.S., 10G and Rugby 10G.Vydate Rhocap applied by sprayed on the seedlings with a concentration of 1.0% and a dose of 250 ml / seedling.

Control in a plantation: The use of parasitic nematode resistant varieties of coffee. Used as rootstock for example coffee ekselsa (Coffeae exelsa), 121.09 BGN clones of robusta coffee clones and 961 BP. Way of technical culture: opening the planting hole, making crop rotation and barrier trenches.

Biological control: In order to suppress nematode populations using natural enemies in the form of bacterial, fungal and nematode predators.

Chemical control: Several systemic and contact nematisida suggested al Carbofuran (Curaterr 3G-35 g / plant), oksamil (Vydate U.S. 100 1.0% 1 – 2.5 l / plant) and etoprofos (Rhocap 10G – 25 g / plant). Application was repeated every three months.

2. Borer on Coffee Fruit

Adult insect borers in fruit or powdered coffee cherries (BBK), Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) brownish-black, female length about 2 mm and a male 1.3 mm. Eggs are laid in the coffee fruit seeds begin to harden, the age-stage eggs 5-9 days. Long larval stage 10-26 days, pre pupa 2 days and pupal stage 4-9 days. Developmental period from egg to adulthood 25-35 days. Old female insects live on average 156 days and a maximum of 103 days the male insect.

Symptoms:
BBK insects get into the coffee fruit by making a hole in the disc. The attack on the young fruit causing the fruit fall, assault on a fairly old fruit causes the coffee beans with holes and defects of low quality.

Control:
Control of the technical culture: Breaking the cycle of life BBK, including measures: Pick powder, which started the harvest by picking all the ripe Remove the affected powder of 15-30 days before harvest.

The collection of the coffee fruit that fell on good ground to develop the fruit and the fruit does not develop, then the fruit is also soaked in hot water. Racutan / loot, which is picking all the fruit on the tree at the end of harvest. All fruit picked powders,  and hot water 5 minutes. Setting shade to avoid planting too dark conditions suitable for the development of BBK.
Biological control: Using Cephalonomia stephanoderis parasitoids and fungal pathogens (Beauveria bassiana). B.bassiana application is recommended at a dose of 2.5 kg per hectare solid culture for three applications per crop season.

Vertebrate Pest on Tomato

Vertebrae pest have less impact on tomators that on many crops, but some species may require management or at least vigilance. Voles or (meadow mice) can be a significant problem in tomatoes;they cause damage in the filed and , more importantly, they frequently are pickup mechanical harvester, resulting in serious contaminant problems at processing plant. Birtd, especially horned larks, can reduce stand of direct seeded tomatoes by feeding on your seedling. Rabbits, jackrabbits and ground squirrels are occasional pest in some areas.

The key to managing vertebrae pest is to anticipate problems and to lay out strategy in advance to deal with them. The first step is to survey the land surrounding the filed; few vertebrae pest live year –round  in plowed fields. Most rodent and rabbit infestations begin in nearby crops , pastures aor natural habits, or in weedy febcerows or databanks.

Some vertebrae that damages crops are protected by law and you may need to get special permits before you control them. It is important to identify vertebrates correctly in order to choose suitable control measures and to avoid killing protected species. As you rlocal agricultural commissioner , farm advisor or  an experienced pest control advisor for help in identifying pest species if you are not certain

Pison baits are part of management strategy for certain vertebrate pest. Only permitted number of bait materials currently are available for control of field rodents. These materials fall into two categories : acute poisons that require a single feeding to kill the target pest, and anticoagulant poison that require multiple feeding over several days to kill the target pest. Acute poison baits generally are less expensive than coagulant;however , animals that receive a sub lethal dose ay become nait shy, making any follow –up treatment less effective unless sufficient time passed before the follow-up. Anticoagulant poisons that require multiple feedings are more expensive to use because more bait is needed, but they do not produce bait shyness. If used according to labels directions , hazards to domestic animals and non target wildlife are minimal for both types of baits

Pest and Diseases on Corn Plant

Corn plant consists of roots, stems, leaves, flowers and seeds. Several types of pests and diseases that often damage maize plants and disrupt the growth of corn and affect productivity include:

Prior to the occurrence of pests and diseases in the corn crop, it can be implemented preventive measures by way of:
a. The use of resistant seed varieties
b. The use of agronomic techniques
c. The use of disinfectants to seeds to be planted
d. Maintenance and utilization of natural enemies

The final step to eradicate plant pests with the use of pesticide materials if the attack had reached the economic threshold or above the economic threshold, in this case must be carried out field research and data collection as well as possible.

1.Lundi pests

This pest attacking plants at the time of growth control by regulating the time of planting, or by using a systemic insecticide, which is sown into the ground, for example Mephosfolan or Carbofuran at a dose of 1.5 kg active ingredient / ha, another way of control is to plant more early.2. Flies Seeds (Antherigona exigua Stein)

This pest attacking the new seeds to grow, control is performed 2-3 days, or the use of insecticides folidol, agrocide, such as the recommended dose (eg 1.5 to 2 cc / liter of water)

3. Land caterpillar (Agrotis sp)

The pest are attack small plants, is controlled by manually by killing caterpillars, or sprinkled Carbopuran soil before planting. The following chemicals are recommended for spraying: carbaryl 0.2 per cent; endosulfan 0.04 per cent, dimethoate 0.03 per cent; quinalphos 0.05 per cent; formothion 0.05 per cent; methyl demeton 0.04 per cent, phosphamidon 0.02 per cent, methyl parathion 0.05 per cent and chlorpyrifos 0.05 per cent.4. Leaf caterpillar (Prodenia litura F)

This pest attacking shoots at 1-month-old plants, should be sprayed with one of the recommended insecticides.The pests being nocturnal in their habits, control operations have to be taken up either during early morning hours or late evening hours or preferably during nights. Spraying or dusting with a persistent insecticide like carbaryl/ endosulfan/quinalphos at 0.1% gives satisfactory results to control the pest.

5. Stem borer (Sesamia inferens Wlk)

This pest attacking plants that are flowering, prevention can be done by spraying the plants before flowering time (with a recommended insecticide and appropriate dosage). Spraying or dusting with a persistent insecticide like carbaryl/ endosulfan/quinalphos at 0.1% gives satisfactory results to control the pest.6. Army worm (Leucania unifenuta HAW)

This pest attacking plants grown in the evening, soon controlled when the attack has reached above the economic threshold. When once the larva mines into the leaf it will be in comparative safety against chemicals, particularly the dust forms. Hence the most rational approach is to treat the crop with penetrating sprays of contact insecticides timing the same either with the light trap information or with the first appearance of a few mines and larval chambers on the plants. Hence vigilance on the part of the farmer goes a long way in the control of this pest. The following chemicals are recommended for spraying: carbaryl 0.2 per cent; endosulfan 0.04 per cent, dimethoate 0.03 per cent; quinalphos 0.05 per cent; formothion 0.05 per cent; methyl demeton 0.04 per cent, phosphamidon 0.02 per cent, methyl parathion 0.05 per cent and chlorpyrifos 0.05 per cent.

7. Cob worm (Heliothis armigera HSN)

This is a plant destroyer of flies, will attack the fruit or corn, spray only when needed, spray a good time is between 6:00 to 9:00 a.m. the morning or in the evening between 16:00 to 18:00.Since the caterpillars in their early instars are gregarious in their feeding habit, collecting the leaves on which they are feeding along with egg mass collection and destroying them is necessary. Dusting with carbaryl or parathion or endosulfan @ 25-30 kg/ha a week after large scale emergence of moths controls the early instars of the caterpillars. However, control of grown up larvae is difficult due to thick growth of hair on their bodies. Spraying with DDVP, fenitrothion, endosulfan, dimethoate or formothion @ 0.1 per cent may control the grown up larvae to a satisfactory extent.

8.  Corn Downy mildew

The diseases in the form of fungi (mushrooms), symptoms arise attack a wide yellow stripe on the leaves, when washed from the seed then any newly emerging young leaves appear yellow, is transmitted through seed or through wind-borne spores. Way control planting resistant varieties, planting simultaneously, mixing sentrimone.9. Helminthosporium diseases

This is fungal diseases with symptoms of an attack form a yellow oval spot at the center and surrounded by a brown color, attacking the leaves, stem and cob, how to avoid the control of continuous cultivation, spraying with a fungicide as per the instructions and recommendations.

In order to maintain the quantity and quality of production of maize farming, the practices to control pests and diseases is important to be implemented. The steps that need to be taken in plant pest control activities should take account of environmental rules and put the principles of integrated pest and disease control.

Pest Control on Pitaya Fruit

Pitaya Fruit or dragon fruit   plants, is the plants that are resistant in fact alive and relatively easy to maintain. But of course there is always a disturbance in the cultivation of pests and diseases that attack that could result in products  suffer losses. Therefore must be considered if you have any pests and diseases that attack the pitaya/dragon fruit plant. The name refers to the pitaya fruit , edible fruit of the plant species:

Hylocereus undatus, a red fruit with white flesh.
Hylocereus polyrhizus, the pink fruit with red flesh.
Selenicereus megalanthus fruit with yellow skin and white flesh.
Hylocereus costaricensis, dragon fruit with a very red color of the fruit.

1. The pests that attack the pitaya fruit plant

Mite

Mites (Tetranychus sp.) will attack the bark or branches that damage tissue that serves to assimilation of chlorophyll from green to brown. Please spray the Omite at a dose of 1-2 g / ltr of water that made it 2-3 times a week.

White ticks/ Mealybug

Dragon fruit plant pest infestation that attacked whites (mealybug) on the surface of the trunk or branches will be webbed black and looks dirty. These pests can be controlled by spraying with Kanon with dose of 1-2 cc / ltr of water once a week on a branch that was attacked. Usually two white flea spraying pest is gone. Generally located at the branch that is not exposed to direct sun and pests attacked branches will look dull.

Aspidiotus
Pest infestation shell (Aspidiotus sp.) Attack plants by sucking the liquid on the trunk or branches causing branch turn yellow. Control can also use the same way as the pest control fleas and ticks white scales.

Snails

Pest snails are very detrimental to plant dragon fruit because of damage by gnawing the trunk or branches and branches can lead to rot. Pest is due to a lack of cleanliness maintained gardens.

 

Ant
In general, ants will appear at the dragon fruit plants start flowering. Ants start swarming around the new flower buds and fruit will cause the skin will be speckled brown fruit which of course the price will decrease with such qualities. Control  by spraying with Gusadrin a dose of 2 cc / liter of water.

Bird
Disturbance of birds at the dragon fruit is generally infrequent and do not need to worry. Usually attack the fruit that has been cooked on the top.

2. Dragon / Pitaya Fruit Diseases

Diseases that attack the dragon fruit plants do not count many types and causes. However, if the plants attacked should be addressed immediately so as not to spread to other plants. Here is a dragon fruit diseases and their causes and treatment measures:

The base stem rot
This disease usually attacks in the early planting of dragon fruit, dragon fruit crops are rotting from the base of the stem, brown and white fur there. Decay is caused by excessive soil moisture so that it appears that the fungus that causes rot Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. This disease often occurs in the seedling root cuttings that have not grown in the piece.

Treatment plant dragon fruit are attacked by this disease by spraying of Benlate with a dose of 2 g / liter of water or use Ridomil 2 g / liter of water once a month. When symptoms appear yellowish at the base of the stem then immediately spraying is done on the entire trunk and preferably at the base of the stem is attacked.

For the prevention of this disease can be done along with irrigation and spraying fungicides Atonik base of the stem on the plant area that was 30 days at the beginning of the planting.

Rot Bacteria
Symptoms of a dragon fruit plant disease is plant looks wilted, dull, yellowish-white mucus found in the plants decay. The disease is caused by Pseudomonas sp. Treatment by removing diseased, then the planting hole was given Basamid  dose of 0.5 to 1 g  in powder form in the planting hole is then planted new seeds.

Fusarium
Diseases caused by Fusarium oxysporium Schl. Symptoms include branch plants wrinkled, withered, and brown rot. overcome by spraying with Benlate dose water 2g/liter dose 1-2 times a week spraying on the trunk and branches.